Govinda Timilsina

Written by: Govinda R. Timilsina and Hari B. Dulal

1. Introduction

Fiscal instruments are primarily price-based instruments that take advantage of market mechanisms and work through prices (Acutt and Dodgson, 1997). These instruments include: congestion charge or toll tax, emission and/or pollution tax or charge (e.g., carbon tax, sulfur tax), fuel tax (e.g., ...