Fiscal Policy Instruments for Reducing Congestion and Atmospheric Emissions in the Transport Sector: a Review

Written by: Govinda R. Timilsina and Hari B. Dulal 1. Introduction Fiscal instruments are primarily price-based instruments that take advantage of market mechanisms and work through prices (Acutt and Dodgson, 1997). These instruments include: congestion charge or toll tax, emission and/or pollution tax or charge (e.g., carbon tax, sulfur tax), fuel tax (e.g., any excise tax on fuel or a BTU tax), vehicle tax (e.g., ownership, licensing or registration fee) and…